Abstract

Title of the Research:The Evolution of Penal Thought in Criminal Law: From Deterrence to Rehabilitation – An Analytical, Descriptive, and Comparative Study .This research explores the evolution of penal thought in criminal law, from the traditional focus on deterrence and punishment to modern approaches that emphasize reform and reintegration. It aims to analyze this shift from a purely legal perspective, by reviewing major legal theories and schools that have shaped penal policy over time.The study highlights the contrast between classical models that viewed punishment as a deterrent, and contemporary models that promote rehabilitation. It discusses the impact of legal developments on criminal legislation and penal practices, and examines how various legal systems have responded to the need for reform in criminal justice.An analytical, descriptive, and comparative methodology has been adopted. The research analyzes legal texts and compares penal legislation across different systems, including Islamic criminal law and contemporary statutory models. The findings indicate that modern penal philosophy seeks greater balance, aiming to protect society while also enabling the offender’s reform. The study recommends reconsidering penal policies in line with recent legal trends, in a manner that ensures justice and balance.